THE OPERATION OF KANT’S CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON IN THE STUDY OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY FILIPINO ELITES

Abstract

In this study, the researcher will inYestigate the Filipino elite from 1896 to 1901 using Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason. The researcher will utilize the historical method, particularly the DescriptÍYe-NarratÍYe-Analytic Method, which will be followed by Kantian hermeneutics of the text. It examines the elite’s role during key moments of tKe PKilippine ReYolution, beginning with the 1896 Cry of Balintawak, which marked the start of the campaign for independence, and continuing through the establishment of the Malolos Republic in 1898 and the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901. The paper attempts to incorporate Kant’s work into the concept of late 19^th-century elite Filipinos. It also tries to bring out if the conception also had a notion of moral growth and whether it changed the attitude, behaYior, and mindset of the entire Filipino society in their next struggles for the recognition of independence in 1946. The analysis shows that while the elite held considerable power, their lack of Kantian goodwill and failure to follow the categorical imperatiYe weakened the ReYolution’s unity. Often prioritizing personal interests oYer the common good, these elites compromised the collectiYe pursuit of independence. Kant’s emphasis on duty highlights these ethical failings, which ultimately contributed to the ReYolution’s failure and left a lasting impact on Filipino society. This study underscores the importance of ethical leadership and reminds us that true progress depends on leaders committed to uniYersal moral principles and the welfare of all.